Manganese
Manganese HB (heparin blood)*/S special tube NH Trace Elementsof
Manganese from urine.
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- reference values manganese blood: from 14 years: 0,3 - 1,1 μg/l
- reference value manganese urine: < 2 µg/l
Manganese is used in industry for the manufacture of alloys, glass, ceramics, paints, varnishes, linoleum, dry cell batteries (accumulators) and is also widely used in the chemical industry. In addition, it can be increased by daily intake with food.
Chronic manganese poisoning can cause encephalopathy with symptoms of Parkinson's disease, hepatitis with cirrhosis.
Manganese and nutrition
Manganese is required for the formation of bone tissue. Furthermore, manganese is involved in the metabolism of amino acids, cholesterol and carbohydrates. In addition, it contributes to protection of body cells from oxidative stress and to energy supply for our body. Manganese is needed for the formation of bone tissue. Furthermore, manganese is involved in the metabolism of amino acids, cholesterol and carbohydrates.
Manganese is found in grains, rice, nuts, leafy vegetables, fruits, meat, fish and tea.
Factors that influence the absorption of manganese are the presence of calcium, phosphate and iron. At high levels of these three substances in the diet, the absorption of manganese decreases, at low levels the absorption improves.
The maximum safe dose for manganese is 11 milligrams/day. The safe dose is an average value, with a wide margin.
An excess of manganese causes damage to the nervous system. However, an excess of manganese through the diet is rare.
Nothing is known about the possible consequences in humans of too little manganese in the diet. Brain and skeletal abnormalities have been observed in laboratory animals.
Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE)
The liver has a great capacity for repair and performs many important functions, such as rendering all kinds of toxic substances harmless. In Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE), the liver is no longer able to remove the toxins from the blood with the result that these toxins enter the brain.
This is usually caused by cirrhosis. Hepatic Encephalopathy is a serious complication of cirrhosis and clearly affects the quality of life. It causes burden not only to the patient himself but also to those close to him. The disease can be long lasting (chronic) or short term (acute) and symptoms can range from limited to very severe. People with cirrhosis show signs of systemic inflammation (inflammation throughout the body). This is caused by impaired function of the immune system. This can also cause disturbances in the function of the brain. The systemic inflammation is thought to be caused, among other things, by the altered composition of the intestinal bacteria, known as dysbiosis. Another factor that contributes to the development of HE is the presence of excessively low sodium levels. Oxidative stress also plays a role in the development of the syndrome. Oxidants cause damage to the cells.
Furthermore, muscle mass appears to be important. Muscles contribute to the conversion of ammonia into glutamine. With little muscle mass, which is often the case in people with cirrhosis, the ammonia level rises faster. Cirrhosis can also be caused by manganese (manganese is a mineral found in whole grain bread and whole grain cereals, tea, vegetables and fruits). This has been found to be present in increased levels at certain sites in the brain. It is particularly seen in cholestatic liver disease.
All of these factors, in a complex interplay, form the basis for the development of HE. Much research is still needed to find out the importance of the various factors.
